I General Conditions I Biological Conditions I

Geology

On the basis of geological map of Java and Madura in a scala ratio 1 : 500,000 from The Indonesian Directorate of Geology in 1963, that formation of the TN-BTS area is due to a volcanic activities from young quarter to old quarter.

Soil

Type of the soil is based on a map of Tanah Tinjau Propinsi Jawa Timur of 1966 is regosol and litosol. Matters of the kind of province are volcanic ash and fromintermediary to basic with strict permeability and the upper layer is very corrosive. its colors are from gray, brown, yellowish brown to white, with soil texture commonly from sand to ashy clay with an indenpendent structure or single fined and an indenpendent consistency or firm tough.